Examples of tree lines derived from RF classification from Landsat 5 and 8 (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a) and manual delineation based on orthophotos (1b, 2b, 3b, 4b) for the years 1985 (yellow line) and 2022 (red line) for the four different aspects. The background image is an orthophoto from 1982/85 (original resolution = 1 m) provided by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol (Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, 2024).

 
 
  Part of: Menegaldo I, Mølbach Sforzini V, Tognetti R, Torresani M (2025) Tree line dynamics and forest densification in the European Alps revealed by Landsat images and machine learning: a case study in the Senales/Schnals Valley. Vegetation Ecology and Diversity 62: e177152. https://doi.org/10.3897/ved.177152